Definition and Causative Agent Lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically important and highly contagious viral disease of cattle, is characterized by fever, nodules on the skin, mucous membrane and other parts of the body. The severity of LSD is highly variable and depends on several factors, including the virus strain, the age of the host, […]
2025
Holstein Friesian Cattle (hf cow): Origin, Traits, and Dairy Excellence
Synonyms: HF Cow, Holstein, Friesian, Black-and-White Dairy Cow Holstein Friesian is one of the most recognized and productive dairy cattle breeds in the world. Originally developed in the Netherlands, particularly in the provinces of North Holland and Friesland, the breed was later improved and widely adopted in the United States. Today, Holstein Friesians are reared […]
Sahiwal Cow Breed: Origin, Characteristics, Milk Yield & Global Significance
Synonyms: Lola, Montgomery, Lambi-Bar, Multani Sahiwal cow is one of the finest dairy cattle cow of India, originally hailing from the dry regions of central and southern Punjab, particularly the Montgomery district in present-day Pakistan. Over the years, this breed has been successfully reared in various parts of India including Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, […]
Hypomagnesemic Tetany Cow
Definition and Etiology Hypomagnesemic tetany in cow (lactation tetany/ grass tetany/grass staggers) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hypomagnesemia (<1.5 mg/dl in serum), hyperexcitability, muscular spasm, seizures, respiratory distress, collapse, and death. It occurs in calves aged between 2 and 4 months which are fed exclusively on milk because of the fall in the […]
Ketosis
Definition and Etiology Ketosis is a multifactorial disorder of energy metabolism in high yielding dairy animals after calving. The negative energy balance (NEB) results in hypoglycaemia, ketonemia (accumulation of acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate and acetone in blood) and ketonuria. The causal factors of ketosis are (i) dietary factors (starvation/loss of appetite or feeding of low carbohydrate diet/excess […]
Milk Fever
Definition and Etiology Milk fever – also known as parturient paresis, hypocalcaemia, paresis puerperalis, parturient apoplexy – is a condition of adult dairy animals wherein severe deficiency of calcium (acute hypocalcaemia) causes acute to per acute, afebrile, f flaccid paralysis most commonly at or just after parturition. Dairy animals are at considerable risk for hypocalcaemia […]
